Organ printing

Grader A: miss

No 3D-printed solid organ has been transplanted into a human as routine care. 2024-2025 reviews state that fewer than 5% of lab bioprinting advances reached human trials and that full-size printed organs remain years from the clinic. Share of transplants by 2021 was zero.

Test: Industry use: 0% of organ transplants used printed organs by 2021.

• Advances and Challenges in 3D Bioprinting for Organ Transplantation: Bridging the Gap Between Research and Clinical Applications (2025): Fewer than 5% of lab bioprinting innovations advanced to human trials; clinical organ transplantation not yet achieved.

Grader B: miss

No bioprinted solid organ had been transplanted into a human by 2023. Reviews state that complete organ bioprinting remains a distant goal and under 5% of laboratory innovations reached human trials. Only thin tissues such as skin reached patients. Share of transplants from printed organs is zero by 2021.

Test: 20% of relevant industry: printed organs 0% of organ transplants through 2021

• Organ bioprinting: progress, challenges and outlook (2023-10): Bioprinting of complete organs remains a distant goal.
• Advances and Challenges in 3D Bioprinting for Organ Transplantation (2025): Under 5% of laboratory bioprinting innovations advanced to human trials; no widespread clinical use.