Products and services using Organ printing are generally available around 2019
Grader A: partial
Grader B: partial
agrees with A, without seeing its verdict
Audit: confirmed
in the fixed audit sample (D11)
Published: partial
Grader A: partial
Bioprinted tissue was sold commercially from November 2014 (Organovo exVive3D liver tissue for preclinical drug testing), and bioprinters sold to labs. Printed tissue to repair or replace body parts reached only a clinical trial (3DBio AuriNovo ear, 2022); no printed organ is available to patients. Real but limited.
Test: D37 Horizons: bioprinted tissue or organ products buyable outside pilots by 2021; research-only tissue models or trial implants count as limited availability.
Grader B: partial
Bioprinters (Cellink, 2016) and bioprinted tissue models (Organovo exVive3D liver, 2014) were sold to researchers, but no printed tissue or organ for repair/replacement was approved for patients by 2024; 3DBio's printed ear implant was a 2022 trial. Real but limited availability.
Test: Bioprinted tissue or organ products usable by patients or businesses by 2021; partial for research-only products or later availability.