Deep-Sea Mining Robotics

Deep-sea mining robotics enable extraction of polymetallic nodules, seafloor massive sulfides, and cobalt-rich crusts from ocean depths of 1,000–6,000 meters. These systems include remotely operated vehicles (ROVs), seafloor production tools, and riser systems that lift ore to surface vessels, unlocking vast untapped reserves of nickel, cobalt, copper, and rare earths while raising critical environmental stewardship questions.