Tidal stream turbines resemble underwater wind turbines, mounted on monopiles or floating platforms to capture predictable currents in straits and channels. Companies like Orbital Marine, Nova Innovation, and Verdant Power are deploying multi‑megawatt arrays with maintenance-friendly floating platforms that can be towed to port. Wave-energy converters—point absorbers, oscillating water columns, and flexible attenuators—convert surface motion into electricity via hydraulic rams or linear generators, with deployments from CorPower, Eco Wave Power, and CalWave.
Because tides are forecastable decades in advance, utilities integrate tidal power into microgrids for remote islands, data centers, and coastal communities needing reliable baseload. Wave devices co-locate with offshore wind farms, sharing export cables and maintenance vessels. Some systems focus on powering aquaculture, desalination, or subsea sensors, creating niche markets while utility-scale economics mature.
The technology sits around TRL 5–6: survivability in harsh seas, cost-effective installation, and financing remain challenges. Supportive policies in the UK, Canada, Portugal, and Japan provide grants, revenue guarantees, and test sites like EMEC and Wave Hub. As supply chains learn from offshore wind and oil & gas, tidal and wave power could supply gigawatts of carbon-free, predictable energy by the 2030s.
