Hindsight · review build · data not yet validated
Diagnosis almost always involves collaboration between a human physician and a pattern recognition-based expert system.
Grader A: miss
Diagnosis did not almost always involve an expert system. Outside specific imaging uses such as mammography CAD, most diagnoses were made by physicians without software pattern recognition, and only 21.8% of office physicians had even a basic electronic record system in 2009.
Test: Share of diagnoses with expert-system involvement: far below 'almost always' (claimed about 90%+); basic EHR in 21.8% of office practices in 2009.
Grader B: miss
In 2009 most diagnoses did not involve an expert system. Pattern recognition was routine only in narrow areas (CAD in screening mammography, automated ECG reads). In 2008 only 4% of US office physicians had a fully functional electronic record system and 13% a basic one, so most practices lacked the infrastructure for routine decision support. Diagnosis stayed human-led without software collaboration in most encounters through 2014.
Test: Test: over 50% of diagnoses ('almost always') involve an expert system. 2008: 4% of physicians had fully functional EHRs, 13% basic. Diagnostic expert systems were rare outside mammography CAD.