Prenatal gene manipulation

Grader A: miss

The only known clinical use (He Jiankui, 2018) was a criminal act punished in 2019; germline editing is prohibited in China and under international guidelines, and no clinic offers it. Not available by 2026.

Test: D37 Horizons: prenatal genome editing offered to ordinary customers by 2026 for a hit; miss if not available by 2029.

• He Jiankui affair (Wikipedia) (2019-12-30): Embryo editing of twins in 2018 led to a conviction for illegal medical practice; germline editing remains prohibited or restricted.

Grader B: miss

Heritable human genome editing is banned or not authorised in the US, UK, EU and China after He Jiankui's 2018 experiment, which led to his imprisonment. No clinic offers it as of 2026. Window to 2029 is open.

Test: Ordinary customers could buy embryo/fetal genome editing by 2026; partial if limited (e.g. a licensed clinic) or by 2027-2029.

• He Jiankui affair (2019-12-30): The only known embryo editing was illegal; He was sentenced to three years in prison.
• WHO Human genome editing: a framework for governance (2021-07-12): WHO advises against clinical heritable editing; no approved service.