Prenatal gene manipulation

Grader A: miss

The only known case, He Jiankui's CRISPR-edited twins (2018), was condemned and criminally punished (3-year sentence, Dec 2019); heritable editing remains prohibited. No clinical use by 2025; the practice was effectively abandoned.

Test: D37 health: share of relevant patients, providers or procedures using it by 2022 (hit >=5%; partial <5% real use by 2022 or 5% in 2023-2025; miss no real use by 2025); relevant: pregnancies/IVF cycles

• Chinese Researcher Who Created Gene-Edited Babies Sentenced To 3 Years In Prison (2019-12-30): Sole case prosecuted as illegal medical practice
• Legal reflections on the case of genome-edited babies (2020): Germline editing for reproduction prohibited; no sanctioned clinical use

Grader B: partial

CRISPR embryo editing produced three babies in China (2018) and was criminalised, so that path is abandoned. But licensed mitochondrial donation (pronuclear transfer, a germline modification of the embryo) runs as an NHS clinical service in Newcastle (licensed 2017), with eight babies reported in July 2025. Real, licensed, tiny-scale use inside the window = partial. A strict 'nuclear gene editing' reading would give miss.

Test: D37 health: >=5% of relevant IVF/prenatal cases by 2022 = hit; real clinical use below 5% (licensed niche service) = partial; no real use by 2025 or abandoned = miss.

• Eight babies born after Mitochondrial donation (2025-07-16): Licensed clinical mitochondrial donation by pronuclear transfer at Newcastle; eight babies born; licence granted 2017.
• He Jiankui affair (Wikipedia) (2026): Only three CRISPR-edited babies (2018-2019); researcher jailed; China criminalised human germline editing in 2020.