Artificial Womb
Artificial wombs, also known as ectogenesis systems, are devices designed to support the growth and development of embryos or fetuses outside the human body. These systems aim to replicate the functions of the natural uterus, including providing appropriate temperature, nutrients, oxygen, waste removal, and protection. Current research focuses on systems for extremely premature infants (ectogestation) that could extend viability earlier than current neonatal intensive care allows, though the ultimate goal is full ectogenesis from conception to birth.
The technology could address critical challenges in reproductive medicine and neonatal care: improving outcomes for extremely premature infants, enabling pregnancy for people with uterine conditions, and potentially providing alternatives to traditional pregnancy. Current systems being developed use fluid-filled environments, artificial placentas that exchange gases and nutrients, and monitoring systems to track development. Research institutions and companies are developing various approaches, with some systems successfully supporting animal fetuses for limited periods.
At TRL 3, artificial womb technology is in early research, with some systems demonstrating proof-of-concept for supporting premature animal fetuses. The technology faces enormous challenges including replicating the complex biochemical environment of the uterus, ensuring proper development of all organ systems, managing the transition from artificial to natural systems, and addressing profound ethical and social questions. However, as understanding of fetal development improves and technology advances, artificial wombs could eventually become viable. The technology raises fundamental questions about reproduction, parenthood, and the nature of pregnancy, and would require careful ethical and regulatory consideration. If developed successfully, it could transform reproductive medicine and neonatal care, though it would also represent one of the most significant technological interventions in human biology.
