Geoengineering governance frameworks represent a nascent but critical domain of international coordination designed to manage the profound risks associated with deliberate, large-scale interventions in Earth's climate systems. These frameworks encompass both technical monitoring infrastructure and legal-diplomatic architectures that aim to establish rules, norms, and oversight mechanisms for technologies such as stratospheric aerosol injection, marine cloud brightening, ocean alkalinization, and large-scale carbon dioxide removal. The technical dimension involves satellite-based detection systems, atmospheric monitoring networks, and data-sharing protocols that can identify unauthorized deployment of climate modification technologies. The legal dimension draws upon existing international law—including the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, the Convention on Biological Diversity, and the Environmental Modification Convention—while recognizing that these instruments were not designed for the unique challenges posed by planetary-scale climate intervention. At their core, these frameworks seek to answer fundamental questions about who has the authority to alter global climate systems, under what conditions such interventions might be permissible, and how to ensure that decisions account for the interests of all nations, particularly those most vulnerable to both climate change and potential geoengineering side effects.
The absence of robust governance structures for geoengineering poses significant geopolitical risks that extend well beyond environmental concerns. Without agreed-upon rules, a single nation or coalition could unilaterally deploy solar radiation management technologies in response to climate emergencies, potentially triggering international conflicts over transboundary impacts. Research suggests that stratospheric aerosol injection, for instance, could alter precipitation patterns differently across regions, potentially benefiting some areas while causing droughts or extreme weather in others. This asymmetry creates what scholars term "moral hazard" scenarios, where those who deploy geoengineering technologies may not bear the full consequences of their actions. Governance frameworks address these challenges by establishing transparency requirements, impact assessment protocols, and dispute resolution mechanisms. They also tackle the "free-driver" problem inherent in climate intervention—the possibility that some actors might pursue geoengineering as an alternative to emissions reductions, undermining global climate mitigation efforts. By creating accountability structures and decision-making processes that require broad international consensus, these frameworks aim to prevent geoengineering from becoming a source of geopolitical instability rather than a potential climate solution.
Current governance efforts remain fragmented across multiple international forums, including the United Nations Environment Programme, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and various scientific advisory bodies. Several nations have begun developing national positions on geoengineering research and deployment, while academic institutions and civil society organizations have proposed governance principles emphasizing precaution, inclusivity, and environmental justice. Small-scale field experiments for technologies like marine cloud brightening have already sparked international debate about the boundaries between research and deployment, highlighting the urgent need for clearer regulatory frameworks. As climate impacts intensify and technological capabilities advance, the pressure to consider geoengineering as a complement to emissions reductions will likely grow. The development of robust governance frameworks now—before any large-scale deployment occurs—represents a critical window of opportunity to ensure that if humanity does pursue climate intervention, it does so through legitimate, accountable, and equitable processes that minimize geopolitical tensions and protect the interests of all nations, particularly those with the least capacity to influence or respond to planetary-scale climate modification.
