---
title: Ranked Choice & Alternative Voting Algorithms
type: technology
url: "https://www.envisioning.com/research/agora/ranked-choice-and-alternative-voting-algorithms"
hub: agora
summary: IRV, approval, STAR, and other non-plurality methods.
---

# Ranked Choice & Alternative Voting Algorithms

IRV, approval, STAR, and other non-plurality methods.
- Technology Readiness Level: 8/9
- Impact: 5/5
- Investment: 3/5
Traditional plurality voting systems, where the candidate with the most votes wins regardless of whether they achieve a majority, have long been criticised for producing outcomes that fail to reflect the true preferences of the electorate. These first-past-the-post methods can lead to vote splitting, strategic voting, and the election of candidates who lack broad support. Ranked choice and alternative voting algorithms address these limitations by allowing voters to express more nuanced preferences and employing mathematical methods to determine winners that better represent the collective will. At their core, these systems include instant-runoff voting (IRV), where voters rank candidates in order of preference and elimination rounds occur until one candidate achieves a majority; approval voting, which allows voters to select all candidates they find acceptable; STAR voting (Score Then Automatic Runoff), which combines score-based ratings with a runoff between the top two candidates; and Condorcet methods, which seek to identify the candidate who would win in head-to-head matchups against all others. Each algorithm employs distinct mathematical principles for aggregating preferences, with varying approaches to handling ties, eliminating candidates, and determining thresholds for victory.

The implementation of these alternative voting methods addresses several critical challenges in democratic governance, particularly the problem of polarisation and the underrepresentation of moderate or consensus candidates. In jurisdictions using plurality voting, candidates often win with less than majority support, and voters may feel compelled to vote strategically rather than for their genuine first choice, fearing they will "waste" their vote. Ranked choice and alternative voting algorithms eliminate this dilemma by allowing voters to express their true preferences without penalty. These systems also reduce the negative impact of spoiler candidates and can decrease the intensity of negative campaigning, as candidates have incentives to appeal to a broader base of voters who might rank them second or third. From a technical standpoint, modern implementations of these algorithms incorporate secure tallying mechanisms, cryptographic verification methods, and comprehensive audit trails that maintain the integrity and transparency of the electoral process while handling the increased computational complexity of processing ranked or scored ballots.

Several jurisdictions have already adopted these alternative voting methods, with Maine and Alaska implementing ranked choice voting for state and federal elections, and numerous cities across the United States using similar systems for municipal contests. Early evidence from these deployments suggests increased voter satisfaction and reduced polarisation, though researchers continue to study long-term effects on representation and political behaviour. The technology supporting these systems has matured significantly, with election management software now capable of processing complex ballot data while maintaining security standards comparable to traditional voting systems. User interfaces have evolved to include voter education components that explain ranking mechanisms and provide real-time feedback during ballot completion. As concerns about democratic legitimacy and representation intensify globally, these alternative voting algorithms represent a promising pathway toward electoral systems that better capture the nuanced preferences of diverse electorates. The continued development of secure, auditable, and user-friendly implementations will be crucial as more jurisdictions consider moving beyond plurality voting to methods that can produce outcomes with broader democratic support and enhanced legitimacy.

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Source: Envisioning — Technology Research Institute (https://www.envisioning.com/research/agora/ranked-choice-and-alternative-voting-algorithms)